Can't You Just Stay in the Office?
This August, I will be joining the Prokonnesos Archaeological Survey. For many people, annual leave is a time to relax and recover from the demands of the year. For me, however, it is probably the only time when I can fully devote myself to fieldwork. As long as I can remember, I have spent my annual leave on archaeological surveys and excavations.
From the outside, this may seem like a personal choice. In reality, it is not. For years—even within academia—I have been hearing the same questions and facing the same misconceptions: “Do you really have to go to the excavation?” or “Why not just write your papers like everyone else?”
These questions all point to the same problem: a widespread misunderstanding of how archaeological knowledge is produced and how archaeologists obtain the evidence on which their research depends. I have explained this so many times that I finally decided to create this website.
After nearly twenty years devoted to Turkish archaeology, I see it as a professional responsibility to explain how archaeological knowledge is produced.
Archaeology is, by its very nature, a discipline built on fieldwork. For this reason, an archaeologist's participation in surveys and excavations is not simply a matter of personal choice; it is a fundamental requirement for the continuity of scientific research. At the same time, such fieldwork is often subject to administrative and institutional approval processes. When these processes are delayed or interrupted for any reason, the consequences extend far beyond the field itself, directly affecting the quality and continuity of scientific research.
Why is this the case? Because archaeology seeks to understand and interpret the past through the material remains left behind by past societies. The primary evidence archaeologists rely on is therefore not produced at a desk, but gathered in the field. To understand how this evidence is collected, we must first take a brief look at the two principal forms of archaeological fieldwork.
Archaeological fieldwork can broadly be divided into two main categories: survey and excavation.
An archaeological survey (I previously shared a post on this topic on my Instagram account—feel free to have a look if you would like a more detailed explanation) is a research method that examines and documents archaeological remains visible on the ground without the use of excavation techniques.
In other words, it is not possible to simply say, "I'd like to join you on your survey," and take part in these projects. All researchers must be included on the official research team submitted to the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism. In addition, Ministry Representatives appointed by the Ministry review these lists and oversee the fieldwork throughout the project.
In short, the final authority rests with the Ministry. It is the Ministry that approves the research permit, authorizes the research team, and oversees the work carried out in the field.
A few additional points are worth mentioning:
- Archaeological surveys typically last between 15 and 30 days.
- No excavation takes place during a survey.
- Digital documentation methods—including photogrammetry, LiDAR, GNSS/GPS, Total Station, and GIS—play a central role in modern survey projects.
- Research permits are granted for three years, with the possibility of applying for a one-year extension.
On a personal note, I always encourage young archaeologists to participate in as many survey projects as possible. Developing the ability to interpret a structure, a settlement, or an entire landscape using nothing more than the evidence visible on the surface is, in my opinion, one of the most valuable skills an archaeologist can acquire.
The other principal form of archaeological fieldwork is, of course, excavation. Excavation projects may take different forms, including museum-led short-term excavations, long-term research excavations, and underwater excavations. A detailed discussion of each, however, deserves a separate article.
For now, a brief overview will suffice.
Excavations in Türkiye are carried out under an excavation permit issued by the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism. This permit must be renewed annually.
All researchers who will take part in the excavation are officially reported to the Ministry, and any changes to the excavation team require the Ministry's approval.
Throughout the excavation season, the work is carried out under the supervision of Ministry Representatives appointed by the Ministry.
Scientific excavations are generally conducted during the summer months. This is largely due to more favorable weather conditions and, of course, the teaching and administrative responsibilities of university-based archaeologists. In recent years, however, many projects have adopted a year-round, twelve-month excavation model.
Excavation is an inherently destructive method of archaeological investigation. Once a layer has been excavated, it can never be observed again in its original context. For this reason, every stratigraphic layer and every archaeological find must be recorded and documented in meticulous detail throughout the excavation process.
Digital recording techniques—including photogrammetry, LiDAR, GNSS/GPS, Total Station, laser scanning, and GIS—have become an integral part of modern archaeological excavations.
Excavations are carried out using a variety of field methods, such as the Wheeler Box-Grid Method and the Barker Open-Area Method. (I will discuss these approaches in more detail in a future article.)
All archaeological finds recovered during excavation are systematically recorded, documented, conserved, and ultimately transferred to the relevant museum.
The processes outlined above are, in fact, only the means by which archaeological evidence is brought to light. From an outsider's perspective, they may appear to constitute the essence of archaeological work. In reality, however, this is where the real work begins. Transforming archaeological evidence into scientific knowledge requires careful analysis, interpretation, and publication.
For this reason, asking an archaeologist, "Why do you need to carry out fieldwork?" is much like asking a molecular biologist who studies DNA, "Why do you need a laboratory?" Just as a molecular biologist cannot generate the data needed for research without access to a laboratory, an archaeologist cannot obtain the primary evidence needed to understand the past without fieldwork. Without that evidence, one of the fundamental pillars of archaeological research is lost.
A final note: Throughout this article, I have naturally drawn my examples from my own profession as an archaeologist. However, art historians, ancient historians, epigraphists, numismatists, and anthropologists often face similar challenges. Since the opportunity has arisen, I would also like to acknowledge and extend my support to all of them.
HME.